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Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
The Principality of Transylvania ((ドイツ語:Fürstentum Siebenbürgen); (ハンガリー語:Erdélyi Fejedelemség); (ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():Principatul Transilvaniei or Principatul Ardealului)) was a semi-independent state, ruled primarily by Hungarian princes. Its territory, in addition to the traditional Transylvanian lands, also included eastern regions of Hungary, the so-called Partium. The establishment of the principality was connected with Treaty of Speyer.〔Richard C. Frucht, (Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1 ), ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 408〕〔 However Stephen Báthory's status as king of Poland also helped to phase in the name ''Principality of Transylvania''.〔Katalin Péter, (Beloved Children: History of Aristocratic Childhood in Hungary in the Early Modern Age ), Central European University Press, 2001, p. 27〕 It was usually under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, however the principality often had dual vassalage (Ottoman Turkish sultans and the Habsburg Hungarian kings) in the 16th and 17th centuries.〔Dennis P. Hupchick, (Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe ), Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, p. 62〕〔Peter F. Sugar, (Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–1804 ), University of Washington Press, 1993, pp. 150–154〕
The polity was a symbol of the survival of Hungarian statehood,〔Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, (Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin ), Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 106〕 and it represented the Hungarian interests against Habsburg encroachments in Habsburg ruled Kingdom of Hungary.〔Transylvania article of Encyclopedia Britannica ()〕 All traditional Hungarian law remained to be followed scrupulously in the principality,〔 furthermore the state was imbued with a preponderantly Protestant feature.〔István Lázár, (Hungary, a Brief History ), 1989, ISBN 963-13-4483-5〕 After the unsettled period of Rákóczi's War of Independence, it became part of the Habsburg Monarchy.
==Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and Zápolya family==
(詳細はSuleiman of the Ottoman Empire inflicted a decisive defeat on the Hungarian forces at Mohács. John Zápolya was en route to the battlefield with his sizable army but did not participate in the battle for unknown reasons. The youthful King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia fell in battle, as did many of his soldiers. As Zápolya was elected king of Hungary, Ferdinand from the House of Habsburg also claimed the throne of Hungary. In the ensuing struggle John Zápolya received the support of Sultan Suleiman I, who after his death in 1540, occupied Buda and central Hungary in 1541 under the pretext of protecting Zápolya's son, John II. Hungary was now divided into three sections: the West and north Royal Hungary, Ottoman Hungary, and the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom under Ottoman suzerainty, which later became the Principality of Transylvania where Austrian and Turkish influences vied for supremacy for nearly two centuries. The Hungarian magnates of Transylvania resorted to policy of duplicity in order to preserve independence.
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